UK and EU trade mark applications: similarities and differences

The most obvious difference between a UK and an EU trade mark is territory. A UK trade mark registration covers just the UK, while an EU trade mark registration covers the entire European Union which, of course, no longer includes the UK. As EU membership changes, so does the scope of the EU trade mark. However, the procedures for obtaining registration in either territory are very similar, and UK trade mark law is still broadly the same as EU law, although it is expected gradually to diverge over time, as new decisions at EU level will no longer have influence in the UK. This article is aimed at EU representatives and others who have some familiarity with the EU trade mark system, and who would like to understand the points of difference with UK procedure.

1. Intention to use

A core difference between the UK and EU trade mark registration systems is that in the UK, a trade mark which is the subject of an application should either already be in use in the UK, or there should be a bona fide intention to use it, in relation to the goods and/or services covered by the application. Valid use is use by the applicant or with the applicant’s consent, for example, by a licensee.

This requirement means that it is not possible to in effect ‘reserve’ a trade mark in the UK, and so-called ‘defensive’ trade marks are no longer permitted, although this does not of course mean that such applications are not filed. A trade mark application that is filed without a genuine intention to use is, however, vulnerable to opposition, or the subsequent invalidation of the granted registration, on grounds of bad faith.

In contrast, an EU trade mark application cannot be challenged on grounds of bad faith, although a subsequent registration can, by way of an application for invalidation.

2. Series of marks

A UK trade mark application can be filed for a ‘series’ of marks. A series can include up to six variants of the trade mark, where each member of the series differs only as to matters of a non-distinctive character that do not substantially affect the identity of the mark. Series applications are more costly than regular applications, but modestly so, with the third to sixth variants each increasing the UKIPO filing fee by GBP 50.

Examples of valid series include marks with differences in capitalisation, minor variations in spelling, and where a shared distinctive element is accompanied by varying descriptive text.

The UKIPO is extremely strict in its assessment of what constitutes a valid series. If the members of the series are considered to differ in their distinctive characte, to such an extent that affects the overall identity of the trade mark, the series application will be refused, and one or more variants will typically have to be deleted from the application before the application is allowed to continue. This rather rigid approach arguably reduces the value of a series, as the acceptable differences between variants are usually so minor that a single representation would often confer sufficient protection. That said, series can be relevant to logos and composite trade marks, where multiple colour combinations or different orientations can be covered in a single application. Even here, however, different colour combinations can give a different overall impression, so there is no guarantee of acceptance.

The possibility of registering a series at the UKIPO means that there may be occasions when a single UK trade mark application will be equivalent to a number of EU applications, even allowing for the fact that the members of the series will be very closely similar. Priority can be claimed from, and an International Registration can be based on, one member of a series.

3. Search reports

As part of the examination of new applications, both the UKIPO and EUIPO will conduct a search of the relevant trade marks register for applications or registrations that conflict with the application.

The EUIPO forwards the results of the search to the applicant, and automatically notifies the proprietors of all earlier rights. No response from the applicant is invited, and it is up to the parties to take any action needed. The EU search report issues separately from the examination report. The UKIPO also forwards the search results to the applicant as part of the substantive examination report, but the applicant is given the opportunity to argue against the cited earlier marks, to amend the application, to withdraw it, or other appropriate response. If the applicant does not respond, or fails to persuade the examiner to waive the citations, the application will not be refused, and the UKIPO will notify the proprietors of the cited UK marks in the same way as the EUIPO notifies the applicant of cited EU marks.

UK and EU procedure coincides here, as unless an obviously problematic trade mark is identified during examination, it is rarely worth the time and cost of responding. Instead, we typically recommend that applicants allow their application to continue, and deal with any third party challenges during the opposition period as and if they arise.

4. Timescale

As a general rule, and assuming no examination objections or third party challenges, a UK application will reach the point of registration more quickly than an EU application, due to generally faster examination and a shorter opposition period. In practice, a UK application can be granted in as little as is often granted registration within 3-4 months.

5. Opposition period

The publication of an EU trade mark application marks the start of a fixed three month opposition period.

In the UK, the initial opposition period is two months, but this can be extended by one month by filing a 'Notice of Threatened Opposition', or NoTO. Where a NOTO is filed, only the party who filed it benefits from the additional time. The NoTO is considered to be formal notice to the applicant of a potential opposition, and has a bearing on a subsequent cost award if formal opposition is subsequently filed.

6. Grounds for opposition

A UK trade mark application can be opposed on both relative and absolute grounds. This contrasts with EUIPO procedure, which only allows for opposition on relative grounds.

While the overall procedure and structure is broadly similar, there are some differences. A notable difference is that the owner of an opposed EU application does not have to respond to a notice of opposition, but can let the opposition run its course without any engagement, and still have a chance of winning. In the UK, the failure by the applicant to file a defence will lead to the opposition being automatically deemed successful, the application being refused to the extent of the opposition and, in most cases, an award of costs in favour of the opponent.

The final stages also differ: in the UK, the parties to the opposition are given the opportunity to request a Hearing, or for the decision to be made on the basis of the papers filed by the parties. If either party requests a Hearing, there will be one, although there is no obligation for the other party to attend. This contrasts with EUIPO procedure where the parties to an opposition are not given this choice: while Hearings are theoretically possible, they are extremely unusual.